MAC curves plotted against emissions — see how downward-sloping MACs horizontally sum to an aggregate emissions demand curve
Combined baseline emissions: 100 units
Required abatement: 60 units
Baseline emissions Ē₁ = 50 units
Baseline emissions Ē₂ = 50 units
With emissions on the x-axis, MACs slope downward:
as a firm emits more (abates less), its marginal cost of further abatement falls.
The aggregate MAC is the horizontal sum — at each price, total emissions equals the sum of each firm's emissions. Trading permits until MAC₁ = MAC₂ minimizes total cost.