A. From Budget Constraints to a Demand Curve
Explanation

Panel (a) puts housing on the horizontal axis and "everything else" on the vertical. The original budget constraint, at housing price P₀, has its best choice at M₀. As the price of housing rises to P₁, P₂ and P₃ the constraint rotates in, and in, and in again, and the utility-maximizing choice moves to M₁, M₂ and M₃, with the quantity of housing falling from Q₀ to Q₁ to Q₂ to Q₃.

Panel (b) plots each price against the quantity of housing chosen at that price. The vertical dashed lines show that the quantities are the same in both panels, so M₀ becomes E₀ on the demand curve, M₁ becomes E₁, and so on. The demand curve is built from utility-maximizing choices, even though only prices and quantities can be measured. The sliders set how much the price rises at each step and how strongly the chosen quantity responds.

Price Rises